The Strait of Hormuz, a narrow waterway, is a critical transit route for Middle East oil and gas. Iran and the U.S. are embroiled in a struggle for control over this strategic chokepoint.

Struggle for Control

Iran has asserted its right to control the Strait of Hormuz, citing an interim ceasefire to justify its actions. The U.S., under President Donald Trump, countered by declaring control over the strait and imposing fees on ships for safe passage. This move amplifies tensions, risking a larger conflict.

Both nations have claimed authority over the strait, with Iran’s Revolutionary Guard opposing U.S. interference. However, the international community views the strait as a free passage, guided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Marc Weller, an international law expert, asserts the convention’s principles have become universal.

Impact on Global Shipping

The conflict affects global shipping. Data shows ship crossings in the strait have dropped by 52% due to disruptions. Fear of attacks by Iranian forces deters vessels, affecting global energy markets. Iran has leveraged this situation to demand registration and control passage routes.

Iran insists ships use a route adjacent to its coast rather than the Oman side, controlled by the U.S. Tehran is suspected of attacking ships that deviate from its preferred path.

Ongoing Disagreements

Negotiations between Washington and Tehran have not resolved the issue. The interim agreement temporarily reopened the strait but left ship traffic management to Iran, provided no fees were imposed for 60 days. Discussions continue on establishing permanent arrangements.

The U.S. plan to levy a 20% cargo toll challenges global navigation norms. Charging fees for safe passage contradicts established international principles, although similar practices exist elsewhere. The International Maritime Organization maintains its stance against tolls in international waters.

Iran has responded to the U.S. position with criticism, framing its toll as justified while mocking the proposed rate. This ongoing debate underscores the complexity of maintaining free passage in contested waters.