Pope Leo XIV released a significant document on Monday regarding the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on humanity, cautioning that the technology could render civilization “less human.” He has previously criticized the Trump administration’s stance on the Iran conflict and the religious justifications given by some U.S. officials.

In his 82-page encyclical titled Magnifica Humanitas (Magnificent Humanity), Pope Leo addresses the risk-laden adoption of AI. He emphasized that the “just war” theory is outdated and called attention to the serious implications of AI.

Pope Leo’s Critique of AI

The pope argues that AI might diminish human civilization, negatively affecting employment, concentrating wealth, and reducing individuals to data-driven beings devoid of dignity and morality. He insists on the “pressing duty” to remain genuinely human.

Pope Leo, accompanied by Cardinal Pietro Parolin, highlighted the need to “disarm” AI to prevent it from driving competition for geopolitical dominance. His document is the Vatican’s first major encyclical written in the era of generative AI.

AI and Human Condition

Pope Leo stresses that technology is not inherently evil but highlights the responsibility it entails. Cardinal Michael Czerny noted AI as a great human achievement while acknowledging the societal concerns it raises.

The encyclical mentions fears that AI could exacerbate inequality and encourage AI-driven warfare. It states, “There exists no algorithm capable of making war morally acceptable.” This warning comes as many global militaries incorporate AI into weapons systems.

Engagement with AI Enterprises

A notable aspect of the Vatican’s presentation was the presence of Christopher Olah, a co-founder of the AI company Anthropic. Olah welcomed external influences, including from the Catholic Church, to steer AI’s development positively. He stated that AI questions extend beyond the research community.

Pope Leo expressed his willingness to collaborate with Anthropic to “find the way for humanity.” Despite Anthropic’s portrayal as a safety-focused AI company, it recently faced scrutiny from the Trump administration for supply chain risks.

Spiritual and Existential Concerns

The encyclical revisits issues beyond technological threats, emphasizing spiritual and existential paralysis. Cardinal Czerny told CBS News about society’s overwhelming feelings and AI’s possible replacement of God as an idol. Pope Leo warned that, much like the Industrial Revolution, AI transforms humanity profoundly.